Decadal forecast 2016

Outlook for global climate in the coming years

Forecast issued in January 2017. The forecast will next be updated in January 2018. Further discussion and background information can be found in this research news article.

Decadal forecasts, also called 'near-term' climate predictions, range up to a decade ahead. Predictions account for natural variability and climate change as these are expected to be of similar size in many parts of the world over this forecast period. Forecasts are experimental, so at this early stage of development expert advice is needed to assess the reliability of regional predictions.

Important

Long-range forecasts are unlike weather forecasts for the next few days.
Forecasts are for a range of possible conditions over a wide region and time period.

Summary

Averaged over the five-year period 2017-2021, forecast patterns suggest enhanced warming over land, and at high northern latitudes. There is some indication of continued cool conditions in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean and enhanced warming in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Current relatively cool conditions in the North Atlantic sub-polar gyre are predicted to return to more normal conditions with potentially important climate impacts over Europe, America and Africa.
During the five-year period 2017-2021, global average temperature is expected to remain high and is likely to be between 0.42°C and 0.89°C above the long-term (1981-2010) average. This compares with an anomaly of +0.46 ± 0.1 °C observed in 2016 (provisional), which makes 2016 one of the warmest two years on record . These high global temperatures are consistent with continued high levels of greenhouse gases and big changes that are currently underway in the climate system.

Introduction

Decadal forecasts are designed to predict fluctuations in the climate system over the next few years. They take into account natural variability as well as human influences. This is achieved by initialising climate models with observations of the current climate state, in addition to specifying changes in radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols (both volcanic and man-made), and solar variability. Further details can be found in a Met Office article about the basis of decadal forecasting.

The latest Met Office decadal forecast presented here was started from the observed sea surface temperature pattern shown in Figure 1, along with similar observations of temperature and salinity below the ocean surface, and atmospheric winds, temperatures and surface pressure. The temperatures in Figure 1 show a weak La Niña pattern in the tropical Pacific, unusually warm conditions near the Arctic sea ice edge, relatively cool conditions in parts of the Southern and Indian Oceans, and warm conditions over the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic but with some colder temperatures in the mid-latitude North Atlantic.

Observed sea surface temperature

Figure 1:Observed sea surface temperature differences (°C) relative to 1981-2010 for October 2016. These, together with similar observations below the ocean surface, have been used as starting conditions for the decadal forecast.

Forecast

The maps below (Figure 2) show predicted temperatures over the period November 2016-October 2021 relative to 1981-2010 averages. Diagram A is the most likely forecast outcome. Diagrams B and C indicate the range of forecast temperatures, such that we expect only a 10% chance of temperatures at particular locations being less than those in B, and only a 10% chance of temperatures higher than in C. Note that these ranges are for each individual location. The chances of these limits being met everywhere are very small, so the global patterns shown in diagrams B and C are very unlikely to be realised.

Five-year mean forecast: mean, lower and upper estimates

Figure 2:Forecast (A) of surface temperature differences (°C) relative to 1981-2010 for the 5-year period November 2016 to October 2021. Forecasts consist of 10 ensemble members starting from November 2016. The probable range is diagnosed from the ensemble spread, and shown as the lower (B) and upper (C) limits for each 5° grid box, such that there is a 10% chance of the observations being cooler than (B), and a 10% chance of the observations being warmer than (C). Note that the actual anomaly patterns in (B) and (C) are unlikely to occur since extreme fluctuations would not be expected at all locations simultaneously.

Spatial patterns suggest enhanced warming over land and at high northern latitudes. There is some indication of continued cool conditions in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, and of enhanced warming in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Uncertainties in the forecast are considerable: for the period 2017-2021 most regions are expected to be warmer than the average of 1981 to 2010, but regional cooling is possible over parts of the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific. Further forecasts from other international modelling centres are available from the multi-model decadal forecast exchange.

During the five-year period 2017-2021, global average temperature (see blue shading in Figure 3 below) is expected to remain between 0.42°C and 0.89°C (90% confidence range) above the long-term 1981-2010 mean (1.02°C to 1.49°C relative to pre-industrial conditions represented by the period 1850 to 1900). The warmest individual year in the 160-year Met Office Hadley Centre global temperature record is 2016 with a temperature of 0.46 ± 0.1 °C above the 1981-2010 mean. Averaged over the whole five-year period 2017-2021, global average temperature is expected to be between 0.51°C and 0.78°C above the 1981-2010 mean (1.11°C to 1.38°C relative to pre-industrial conditions).

Global annual temperature

Figure 3:Observed (black, from Met Office Hadley Centre, GISS and NCDC) and predicted (blue) global average annual surface temperature difference relative to 1981-2010. Previous predictions starting from November 1960, 1965, ..., 2010 are shown in red, and 22 model simulations, from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5), that have not been initialised with observations are shown in green. In all cases, the shading represents the probable range, such that the observations are expected to lie within the shading 90% of the time. The most recent forecast (blue) starts from November 2016. All data are rolling 12-month mean values. The gap between the black curves and blue shading arises because the last observed value represents the period November 2015 to October 2016 whereas the first forecast period is November 2016 to October 2017.

The forecast is for continued global warming largely driven by continued high levels of greenhouse gases. However, other changes in the climate system, including the largest El Niño since 1997 and longer term shifts in both the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), are also contributing. Near record temperatures are predicted for the coming five years, consistent with the Met Office 2017 global mean temperature forecast. However, the recent run of consecutive record years is likely to end in 2017 as El Niño declines. The forecast remains towards the mid to upper end of the range simulated by CMIP5 models that have not been initialised with observations (green shading in Figure 3). Barring a large volcanic eruption or a very sudden return to La Niña or negative AMO conditions which could temporarily cool climate, ten year global average warming rates are likely to be similar to late 20th century levels over the next few years. Nevertheless, the recent slowdown in surface warming is still an active research topic and trends over a longer (15 year) period will take longer to respond. For further discussion on the surface warming slowdown see the Met Office reports on the recent pause in warming.

Verification

The following maps (Figure 4) compare observed (A) and forecast (B, issued in December 2011) surface temperatures (°C) for September 2011 to August 2016 relative to the 1981-2010 long-term average. Forecasts were made starting from September 2011 using the version of our forecast system at the time. Stippling shows regions where the observed temperatures lie outside the 5-95% range of the forecast.

Observations and five-year mean forecast from September 2011

Figure 4:Observed (A) and issued forecast (B) of surface temperature differences (°C) relative to 1981-2010 for the 5-year period September 2011 to August 2016. Forecasts consist of 20 ensemble members starting from September and June 2011. The stippling shows where the observations lie outside of the 5-95% confidence interval of the forecast ensemble.

The forecast issued five years ago predicted enhanced warming over high northern latitudes, and cooling in parts of the Southern Ocean and south-eastern tropical Pacific in broad agreement with the observations. Although there are differences in the precise magnitude and location of anomalies the observations generally lie within the forecast uncertainty range. However, the forecast was generally too warm in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean and too cool in the equatorial Pacific and parts of the Arctic.